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2010: 豪赌宇宙未解之迷

  【李清旭 译自NewScientist, 2004/10/20为宇宙中最重要的未解决的问题打赌下注不再是像史蒂芬·霍金这样的科学明星们的专利了,从本周四起任何人都可以就世界上一些最大的物理实验能否在2010年前给出这些难题的答案下注了。

一 家总部在英国的博彩公司立博(Ladbrokes,世界上最大的博彩公司)为五个独立的科学发现开始接受下注:土卫六上的生命(life on Titan),引力波(gravitational waves),希格斯玻色子(Higgs boson),宇宙射线起源(cosmic ray origins)和核聚变(nuclear fusion)。

“我们以前接受火星上存在生命的下注,”赌博专家Warren Lush说,”我们想提供一些和以前完全不同的东西。”这个创意来源于《新科学家》杂志印刷版的一个题为《宇宙中的怪物》的10页篇幅的特别报道。

赔率不是由成败的几率直接给出的。博彩公司必须能够赔出开出的赌注,如果他们不够幸运的话。例如,立博给发现尼斯湖怪兽开出的赔率是66:1,也就是说,如果运气足够好的话,任何人下一美元的赌注可以得到66美元。

但是很明显,较低的赔率反映了有成千上万的人对此下注,而不是反映了怪兽出现的可能性。为了得到物理实验成功的概率,Lush咨询了物理学家和天文学家。他期望赔率的设置会引发争论。

宇宙射线

立博声称最可能破解的难题是宇宙射线的起源—这些外太空来的高能粒子连续地撞击地球。没有人知道它们是从哪里来的或者是什么给了它们超过人造加速器所能得到的最高能量粒子一千万倍的能量。

阿根廷门多萨市(Mendoza) 的Pierre Auger实验室(Link)的物理学家正在致力于解决这一问题。从2004年一月份起,分布在3000平方公里范围的1600个探测器就开始工作了。立博公司为2010年以前揭开这一谜题开出了4:1的赔率。

大型强子对撞机(LHC)效果图
大型强子对撞机(LHC)效果图

他们也为在2010年之前找到丢失的希格斯玻色子开出了6:1赔率。粒子物理学家相信希格斯玻色子是亚原子世界产生质量的原因。这也是 CERN实验室再日内瓦附近建造大型强子对撞机(LHC Link)这一世界上功率最大的加速器的主要原因之一。LHC将在2007年建成。

“我很愿意接受6:1的下注,”Brian Foster 说,”我一直致力于使我们发现希格斯玻色子的工作得到纳税人的资助,因此我最好还是保持一定距离不去下注。”Foster领导着英国牛津大学的一个粒子物理学家研究组。

核聚变能量

对于热核聚变成为商业现实的可能性,立博公司要比大多数物理学家更为乐观。它为第一座聚变核电站投入使用开出的赔率是100:1。与此同时,物理学家们还在为在哪里建造第一个核聚变反应堆ITER(Link)争论不休。ITER可以得到所消耗能量10倍的能量。

位于华盛顿州汉佛德的LIGO观测站
位于华盛顿州汉佛德的LIGO观测站

在LIGO探测器(Link)寻找到引力波这一问题上,较真的投注者可能想得到一个500:1的赔率,引力波是黑洞和质量很大的超新星碰撞所引起的空时结构的轻微波动。

“我一定会赌的,”英国Glassgow大学的Jim Hough 说,他是LIGO项目组中的成员之一,他相信LIGO可以在2010年之前捕捉到引力波。”我觉得赔率在2:1和10:1之间要较为合理。”

实际上,周四许多人在LIGO上投注,其中的一注投了50英镑,如果LIGO成功的话,这位投注者将得到25000英镑的巨额回报。立博公司很快调整了赔率,把赔率从500:1调低到100:1,后来又调到了10:1。

立博认为最没有希望成功的是正在环绕土星运行的Cassini号太空船(Link)。圣诞节那天Cassini号会放出一个锅状的Huygens探测器,这个探测器将经过20天的飞行到达土星最大的卫星土卫六 Titan。立博公司为2010年以前在土卫六上发现生命所开出的赔率为10000:1,这也是允许开出的最大赔率了。

Mark Leese是基于Huygens探测器表面科学项目组的管理者,他对这一赔率并不感到意外。”Huygens其实不是用来探测生命的,”他说,”除非有谁对着它的麦克风唱歌。”

相关连接
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Taking a chance on physics

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