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能探测病毒的纳米器件

【李清旭 译自 PhysicsWeb 2004/10/10物理学家过去习惯于探测光子和其他无生命的粒 子,不过美国的两个研究组现在转向了一个非常不同的目标——病毒。康奈尔大学的Harold Craighead 和他的同事利用纳米电机装置(nanoelectromechanical device)探测到了一种昆虫的杆状病毒,同时哈佛大学的Charles Lieber 和他的合作者们利用纳米线场效应管(nanowire field-effect transistor)来探测单个的流感病毒。这种新方法可以用到医学方面或是用来探测生物武器。

今年早些时候,康奈尔大学的研究人员设计了一个纳米电机装置,可以称量仅有10-18克重量的物体。该器件有一个由圆形硅片制成的振动悬臂,硅片仅有4微米长,500纳米宽(图1)。当一个小微粒放到硅片上的时候,硅片的振动频率会发生变化。这种变化可以通过观测激光在硅片上的反射来测量,并用来计算粒子的质量。


图1

通 过用化学方法在悬臂上涂上一层抗体,这种抗体对某种病毒敏感,康奈尔大学的研究人员利用这种设备已经探测到该种病毒(Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 2604) 。他们把悬臂浸入到含有病毒的液体中,病毒会粘到器件上;把器件从液体中取出,然后重新测量振动频率。 Craighead说,”灵敏度很高,一些病毒被识别并探测出来。”

同时,哈佛大学的Lieber 研究组把用纳米线做成的场效应管阵列改装成表面涂有抗体受体的病毒探测器(Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 101 14017)。病毒可以通过微流通道(microfluidic channels)进入阵列。因为病毒带有电荷,电荷载流子的浓度发生变化,改变了流过晶体管的电流。(图2).


图2

Lieber说,”纳米晶体管的本身带来的放大效应,以及表面束缚效应对体载流子浓度的影响带来了极高的单分子灵敏度。”并且,用不同的病毒的抗体受体修饰纳米线阵列使得可以同时探测多种病毒。

哈佛大学的研究人员开发了一种可以同时探测100种病毒的阵列,并且他们希望将来可以进一步提高灵敏度,从而可以探测到单个的核酸或者蛋白质。康奈尔大学的研究人员也有开发类似阵列的计划。

参考阅读:
Electrical detection of single viruses, Fernando Patolsky, Gengfeng Zheng, Oliver Hayden, Melike Lakadamyali, Xiaowei Zhuang, Charles M. Lieber, qiji.cn/eprint/abs/1637

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