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物理学家观察到“端态”

美国物理学家第一次观察到原子链上的“端态(end states)”。该发现将增加我们对一维结构电子性质的理解并有望应用于纳米电子学中。该文发表于最近出版的科学杂志上(J N Crain and D T Pierce 2005 Science 307 703)。

就象材料的表面(surface)与块状(bulk)材料存在很多性质不同,一维结构末端的原子应当与链内的那些原子性质不同。但这种局域的单原子——零维的“端态”以前还没有被观察到。

美国国家标准技术局(NIST)的科学家Jason Crain和David Pierce通过在高温时将少量金沉积到轻微错切硅(slightly mis-cut silicon)表面上。每个原子链有三到九个原子。通过把原子链制备在半导体表面上,而不是象以前实验时的金属表面上,Crain和Pierce可以通 过扫描隧道显微术(STM)和扫描隧道谱(STS)观察到端态。

在STM实验中,尖端在固定电压下保持尖端与样品隧道电流不变扫描样品表面。此时尖端与样品间距离保持不变,扫描将给出样品表面的形貌。在STS实验中,尖端保持固定,而尖端与样品间的电压可以改变,这时隧道电流随电压的改变给出样品局域电子态密度的量度。

NIST小组发现端态电子能量比链内原子的电子能量更低。而且端态电子正象理论预言的那样是局域在末端原子上的。如图显示了三原子链中,电子能级 (垂直方向)与电子所属原子位置(1、2、3)的关系。上图是理论计算结果,下图是实验结果。红色区域表示电子出现几率最高,蓝色区域表示电子出现几率最 低。两图都显示电子在外侧原子时有更低的能量。

The two images above show the energy levels (vertical scale) and spatial positions (white lines) of electrons within a three-atom chain. The top image shows the calculated or theoretical results; the bottom image shows the measured energy levels in a physical experiment.
Electrons are most likely to be located in the red areas and least likely in the blue areas. Both images indicate that the electrons in the outermost atoms (positioned on the far left and right at the bottom) have lower energy than those within the centre atom (NIST).

Crain说“由于被限制在一维链上的电子相互作用很强,有趣的反常性质将会出现,我们关于电子结构的详细研究是通向理解一维电子性质的第一步。最终,也许会制备出应用于纳米电子学器件的原子线。”(Ian译自physicsweb,2005年2月05

原文“End states” come into view

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