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撞击过程中的反常速度增加

李清旭 译自PR Focus, 2004年10月08】就像体操运动员冲向鞍马然后跳向空中一样,在一定条件下,一个小球可以在受到瞬间的撞击之后令人吃惊地沿垂直轨迹反向弹回。从观察到这个现象 到现在,从没有人给出过完全的解释,并且这些不完全的解释还不时受到质疑。不过研究人员在十月八号的PRL的一篇文章中报道说他们建立了一种理论可以解释 这个现象,并且已经经过计算机模拟实验的检验。理论的关键在于是撞击引起被撞击表面发生形变;该理论将会改进如沙丘,水泥,泥土等颗粒状材料的理论模型。

法线方向的恢复系数反映物体反弹前后速度的垂直方向分量的比值。通常认为恢复系数小于1,小球不可能以比原来更快的速度弹回,因为这需要额外的能量(在体 操运动员的例子中,身体中可以产生能量)。然而从上个世纪90年代以来, 有几个研究组报道了似乎是荒谬的实验结果:一个曲棍球形状的圆形盘片撞击在墙上然后以更快的速度弹开[1],一个陶瓷球被较软的表面以更大大速度弹回 [2]。

康奈尔大学的Michel Louge和他的学生Michael Adams作了球体反弹的实验,Louge说,”起初他们都认为我疯了!”但是在仔细排除实验误差之后,他得出结论,一定是球使表面发生了形变,从而改变 了球的运动轨迹。他认为球的速度的水平分量可能通过这种方式转移到垂直方向。尽管他很清楚地知道这种效应仅限于特定的条件下,但是他不能准确肯定这意味着 什么。他在论文中说:”这只是一个推测。”

现在东京大学的两位科学家Hiroto Kuninaka 和 Hisao Hayakawa报道说他们模拟了圆盘和弹性表面的小的相互作用,这种相互作用可以导致恢复系数大于1。他们的计算机模拟实验表明,当圆盘以11度角撞击 表面,反弹的角度大约为15度,这时的恢复系数为1.3。作者声称他们的结果与Louge的实验相符。

模拟实验使得他们可以看到当圆盘以一定的倾角撞击表面时,使被撞击表面产生了凹陷。Bill Stronge 怀疑撞击可以引起上述模型所给出的速度增长。他说,”可能有一些效应, 但我认为远没有他们描述的那么大。颗粒状材料的计算机模拟必须精确考虑颗粒间的碰撞,可以用处理与墙的碰撞相同的方法来处理这个问题。” Louge说,这项工作可以对工业上处理和运输这类材料有所助益并且增进人们对球类运动的物理的理解。

原文: Getting an Extra Bounce

参考文献:
[1] J. Calsamiglia, S. W. Kennedy, A. Chatterjee, A. Ruina, and J. T. Jenkins, “Anomalous Frictional Behavior in Collisions of Thin Disks,” J. Appl. Mech. 66, 146 (1999).
[2] Michel Y. Louge and Michael E. Adams, “Anomalous behavior of normal kinematic restitution in the oblique impacts of a hard sphere on an elastoplastic plate,” Phys. Rev. E 65, 021303 (2002).

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