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实验表明”液-液”相变普遍存在

liquid.jpg一个在日本新完成的实验证实液体可以同时处于两种以 上不同的状态,这与通常的观点大相径庭。来自日本兵库县同步加速器研究中心的研究人员Yoshinori Katayama和他的同事发现磷有一个低压流体相和一个高压聚合物流体相,同时东京大学的Rei Kurita 和 Hajime Tanaka 看到了亚磷酸三苯酯处于两个不同液体状态的证据。

液体可以和它的固体或气体形态共存:例如水在一定条件下可以和冰共存,而在某种条件下也可以和水蒸气共存。不过,最近的研究表明不同的液相也可以共存。这些相具有相同的化学组分,不同的原子或分子结构,就是所谓的多形体(polymorphs)。

Katayama 和同事们发现熔融的磷在摄氏1000度左右,1000兆帕斯卡(约10,000个大气压)的条件下两个稳定的无序态结构会发生突变。利用SPring-8(Link)的同步辐射源进行的原位X射线衍射(In situ X-ray diffraction)实验表明变化是可逆的,并且在转化过程中两相是共存的(Science 306 848) 。他们认为材料在两种状态之间相互转化:由低压下P4组成的密度较大的分子形式和高压下所形成的密度较低的聚合物形式。

“这种相变在纯净材料中是极其少见的,仅在低温下的氦-3液体(He-3超流 Link)中发现过,但那是因为量子效应。”Katayama告诉物理网(PhysicsWeb),“无定型的低密度的冰和高密度冰之间的一级相变为人们所熟知,不过无定型态并不是热力学稳定态。”

与此同时,Kurita 和 Tanaka利用相衬显微镜方法(phase-contrast microscopy)证明亚磷酸三苯酯简单分子液体在摄氏480度以上可转变成一种“冰状”相。尽管相变进行的非常缓慢(见图),东京大学的研究人员相 信存在一个发生相变的临界点(Science 306 845)。这一点有赖于分子间建立的长程关联(long-range correlations)。

Tanaka说:“我们的发现表明液体-液体相变不仅仅发生在那些非一般的(unusual)液体中,而是原则上可以在任何液体中发生的。”(李清旭 译自physicsweb, 2004年11月17

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