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夸克渐近自由获2004诺贝尔物理奖

  【Ian译自 PhysicsWeb, 2004/10/08 三位美国理论物理学家因发现强相互作用中的渐近自由(asymptotic freedom)获得2004年诺贝尔物理奖。加州大学圣巴巴拉分校的格罗斯(David Gross)、加州理工学院(California Institute of Technology)的波利泽和麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)的维尔切克于1973年完成了这一重大发现。他们的理论工作解释了为什么高能夸克的行为象自由粒子。

强相互作用使 原子核内的质子和中子结合在一起。格罗斯、波利泽和维尔切克的理论认为当夸克彼此非常靠近时,它们之间的相互作用非常弱,就象是自由粒子一样。但但它们彼 此分开时,相互作用将迅速增强。这种现象被称为渐近自由,它解释了为什么我们很难把夸克从原子核中分离出来。

三位科学家于1973年完成 的工作所采用的数学形式是后来描述强相互作用理论——量子色动力学(QCD)的基础。该理论是粒子物理标准模型(Standard Model)的重要组成部分,标准模型还包括弱相互作用和电磁相互作用。有了量子色动力学,物理学家可以为什么只有在极高能量状态下,夸克的行为才象自由 粒子。近年来,量子色动力学已被各种实验所证实,特别是被欧洲核子中心(CERN in Geneva)的实验所证实。

1973年,三位科学家的工作发表在同一期物理学评论快报(Physical Review Letters)的两篇相邻论文上。一篇是格罗斯和维尔切克的工作(Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories, David J. Gross, Frank Wilczek, qiji.cn/eprint/abs/1610),另一篇是波利泽的工作(Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions?, H. David Politzer, qiji.cn/eprint/abs/1609)。当时格罗斯和维尔切克还是研究生。

相关阅读:
Twenty Five Years of Asymptotic Freedom, David J. Gross, qiji.cn/eprint/abs/1611
本文是格罗斯教授在纪念“渐近自由”发现25周年纪念会议上的关于发现“渐近自由”及创建量子色动力学(QCD)的回顾文章。
Strong-force theorists scoop Nobel prize
奇迹文库/物理学

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